[Translated article] Current situation and evolution of the availability of drugs in the pediatric population in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of the new medicines approved in the pediatric population in the last 3 years, both those with studies only in the pediatric population and those that extend their indication in this population group, as well as the current situation in relation to their marketing and financing. METHODS: Descriptive observational study of all drugs that include an indication in the pediatric population in Spain (by extension of the indications of drugs already authorized or because they are new drugs that already include an indication in this population group), from January 2019 to March 2022. RESULTS: During the study period, 129 drugs included their indication in the pediatric population. 13.9% of them are not marketed, 46.5% are in a situation of non-financing, under study or without a request for financing, and 4.6% are financed for a specific pediatric subpopulation. 52.7% are original drugs, 4.7% are generic, 38.8% are biological, 3.8% are biosimilar, and 17.8% are orphan drugs. 57.36% of these medicines obtain the pediatric indication due to extension of the indication and 42.64% obtain it because they are new medicines that already include their studies in the pediatric population. CONCLUSIONS: Drugs with authorized indications are increasingly available in the pediatric population and the trend is to extend the indication of authorized drugs to the adult population. However, barriers in terms of financing and marketing need to be expedite and overcome to facilitate access to them.

Clinical value of questionnaires & physical tests for patellofemoral pain: Validity, reliability and predictive capacity.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the most appropriate method of functional assessment for "patellofemoral pain" (PFP)/"chondromalacia patella" for its diagnostic value, (validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, predictive value and clinical applicability); to outline initial interpretations of the questionnaires and their appropriateness, through the cut-off points determined in their scores based on physical test and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI); to establish which methods should be used in conjunction with each other to obtain clinical diagnoses that are robust effective and efficient. METHODS: (1)Intra- and inter-observer reliability and of the relationship among PFP questionnaires/physical tests validated. (2)Predictive capacity of the questionnaires. Subject: 113 knees with PFP, assessed using "Knee-injury-and-Osteoarthritis Outcome-Score-for-Patellofemoral-pain-and-osteoarthritis" (KOOS-PF), "Kujala-Patellofemoral-Score" (KPS), "Victorian-Institute-of-Sports-Assessment-for-Patellar-tendons-questionnaire" (VISA-P), and the physical tests: "patellar-palpation", "patellar-tilt", "patellar-apprehension", "Clarke" and "squat". RESULTS: Questionnaires correlations themselves was 0.78

Exploring the atypia of undetermined significance: Malignant ratio, ThyroSeq v3 positive call rate, molecular-derived risk of malignancy, and risk of malignancy as possible quality metric tools in thyroid cytology.

BACKGROUND: The atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) category is heterogeneous, leading to variations in its use. To prevent excessive usage, the AUS rate should be ≤10%. Although this recommendation aims to maintain diagnostic quality, it lacks supporting data. The AUS:Malignant (AUS:M) ratio has been proposed as a metric tool to evaluate AUS use. Furthermore, integrating ThyroSeq v3 (TSV3) positive call rate (PCR) and the molecular-derived risk of malignancy (MDROM) have been put forward as performance improvement tools. The authors reviewed their AUS:M ratios, TSV3 PCR, MDROM, and ROM. METHODS: Thyroid aspirates evaluated in the laboratory (from August 2022 to September 2023) by seven cytopathologists (CPs) were identified. AUS:M ratio, MDROM, ROM, and TSV3 PCR results for the laboratory and each CP were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 2248 aspirates were identified (462 AUS and 80 malignant). The AUS:M ratio for the laboratory was 5.8 (CPs range, 2.8 to 7.3). The TSV3 PCR for the laboratory was 23% (CPs range, 11% to 41%). The MDROM for the laboratory was 19% (CPs range, 9% to 31%), whereas the ROM was 36% (CPs range, 29% to 50%). Linear regression analysis of AUS:M ratio versus TSV3 PCR and MDROM demonstrated a moderate positive correlation but a weak negative correlation to the ROM. Deviations from established targets were attributed to multiple factors. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study underscore the importance of using a combination of metrics to evaluate diagnostic practices. By dissecting the practice patterns of each CP, the authors can measure different aspects of their performance and provide individualized feedback.

Role of DNase Activity in Human Sperm DNA Fragmentation.

In this clinical era of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), where a single spermatozoon is chosen for fertilization, the diagnostic functionality of the classical parameters typically associated with fertilization, such as sperm concentration, sperm motility, acrosome integrity, and mitochondria, is perhaps becoming less critical. In contrast, the contribution of sperm DNA quality to our understanding of the impact of male fertility within the context of ICSI is gaining increasing interest and importance. Even with respect to natural conception, high levels of sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) in the ejaculate can adversely affect reproductive outcomes. However, the precise origin of SDF pathology in sperm cells is often ambiguous and most likely to be multifactorial. Hence, the genetic makeup of an individual, unbalanced REDOX processes, enzymatic activity, environmental and lifestyle factors, and even damage during sperm handling in the laboratory all operate in a unique and often synergistic manner to produce or induce sperm DNA damage. Surprisingly, the contribution of active enzymes as potential agents of SDF has received much less attention and, therefore, is likely to be underrated. This review highlights the roles of different enzymes related to the degradation of sperm DNA as possible effectors of DNA molecules in spermatozoa.

Assessment of metal and organic pollutants in combination with stable isotope analysis in tunas from the Gulf of Cadiz (east Atlantic).

Bioaccumulation patterns of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe and Cu) and organic (priority and emerging) pollutants, in combination with stable isotope analysis (SIA), were assessed in muscle and liver of three tuna species from the Gulf of Cadiz (Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus; Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda, and skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis). SIA and contaminant (heavy metal and organic) profiles separately discriminated between species. There was no significant overlap between the trophic niches estimated from isotopic data, suggesting that there are diet differences which may determine differential bioaccumulation patterns. The levels of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in muscle of all the individuals analyzed were below the allowable limits established by the current legislation. Concentrations of most contaminants were higher in liver than in muscle, underlining the powerful detoxifying capacity of the liver in tunas. In addition to diet, other factors such as size and age (exposure time to environmental chemicals) explain differences in pollutant accumulation patterns in tissues between species, each with varying degrees of involvement depending on the pollutant class. Our results show that combining contaminant profile data with trophic features based on SIA may help understand pollutant bioaccumulation patterns in upper levels of marine food webs.

Predictive validity of a pressure injury risk assessment tool at different time-points in patients admitted to the intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: Multiple risk assessment scales are available for predicting the development of pressure injuries (PIs) in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Most PI risk assessment tools have been validated at the time of admission; however, another time point during treatment could better reflect clinical changes and therefore, the risk of PIs. AIMS: The study aimed to examine the predictive validity of PI risk assessment scale designed for ICU patients, the conscious level, mobility, haemodynamic, oxygenation and nutrition (COMHON) index, at several time points or intervals during ICU stay. STUDY DESIGN: This was an observational prospective study undertaken over a period of 1 year (July 2021-June 2022). Patients admitted to ICU for >3 days were included. The number, location and degree of the PIs were recorded. The level of risk for developing PIs during the stay was determined by calculating the COMHON scores at admission, and 72 h, as well as the highest and mean score. Predictive validity was studied using accuracy parameters and areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The best cutoff point was also determined and used to compare risk between categories. RESULTS: Of the 286 patients included in the study, 160 (59%) were male. The level of severity evaluated using the APACHE II scale was 18.4 ± 5.8 points. Invasive mechanical ventilation was used in 32.1% (n = 92) of the patients and 20.6% (n = 59) received high flow oxygen therapy. The incidence of PI was 15.4% (n = 44), with sacral location in 47.7% (n = 21) and grade II in 75% (n = 33) of the patients. The AUC was 0.907 (0.872-0.942); 0.881 (0.842-0.920); 0.877 (0.835-0.920) and 0.749 (0.667-0.831) at the mean, the highest, 72 h and ICU admission scores, respectively. The best cutoff point was 13 in all patients. The risk of developing a PI was 6.4 times higher in the high-risk group (>13 points). CONCLUSIONS: The best predictive capacity for the COMHON index risk assessment was the mean and highest scores. The predictive accuracy was higher on the third day of the patient's stay than on admission, and this was attributed to the clinical changes observed in some patients over the course of their critical illness. RELEVANCE FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE: Patients in ICU are at high risk of developing PIs, therefore, preventive measures should be maximized. Risk assessment should be carried out sequentially owing to the changes that patients present throughout their ICU stay and preventive measures should be used according to the risk level.

Telesurgery and telementoring.

Telemedicine has revolutionized the field of surgery, with telemonitoring and telesurgery being 2 of its most promising applications. Telesurgery and telemonitoring are revolutionary applications that have the potential to change the way surgical operations are performed. These applications can allow surgeons to perform operations, enable surgeons to perform operations by assisting or supervising others through mentoring from a different location (telementoring). Despite the potential benefits of telemedicine and telementoring, there are still challenges that must be overcome before they can be widely used in clinical practice. For example, latency in data transmission can be a problem in telemedicine, as even a small delay in data transmission can affect the accuracy of the operation. Additionally, a sophisticated and expensive technological infrastructure is required, which can limit their use in some clinical settings. Although we need to work on its development technologically, ethically and legally, it is a promising tool.

Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome Type 1 Immunohistochemical Expression in Carcinomas of Gynecologic Origin.

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 (TRPS1) is a new reportedly sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker for carcinomas of breast origin, including triple-negative (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2) tumors. In our practice, we have observed a subset of cases of nonmammary carcinomas that are positive for TRPS1, with higher frequency in cytology effusion samples with metastatic gynecologic malignancies. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of TRPS1 in a large tissue cohort of Müllerian carcinomas. We retrospectively retrieved 105 cases of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gynecologic tumors from our surgical pathology archives. Cases corresponded to tumors of tubo-ovarian (17 high-grade serous carcinomas, 3 low-grade serous carcinomas, 2 clear cell carcinomas, and 8 endometrioid adenocarcinomas), endometrial (25 endometrioid adenocarcinomas, 8 serous carcinomas, 6 clear cell carcinomas, 12 carcinosarcomas, 1 dedifferentiated carcinoma, and 1 mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma), cervical (6 human papillomavirus [HPV]-associated squamous cell carcinomas [SCCs], 11 HPV-associated endocervical adenocarcinomas, and 2 HPV-independent gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinomas), and vulvar (2 HPV-independent SCCs and 1 HPV-associated SCC) origins. Immunohistochemistry for TRPS1 was performed in whole tissue sections and assessed for positivity (≥5% of nuclear labeling), distribution (focal: 5% to 49%, diffuse: 50% to 100%), and intensity (1+, 2+, 3+) in tumor cells. Positive TRPS1 staining was observed in 51.4% (54/105) of cases. Most tumors (64.8%) demonstrated diffuse labeling, while focal in 35.2%. Among positive cases, the intensity was predominantly 1+ (57.4%), followed by 2+ (33.3%) and 3+ (9.2%). Tumors with a high percentage of positivity overall consisted of tubo-ovarian (70%) and endometrial carcinomas (58.4%). TRPS1 immunostain is often expressed in gynecologic carcinomas. Awareness of this phenomenon is crucial when evaluating challenging cases in which the differential diagnosis includes a malignancy of breast origin, to avoid misclassification of the primary site.

Proteomic Profiling Identifies Candidate Diagnostic Biomarkers of Hydrosalpinx in Endometrial Fluid: A Pilot Study.

Hydrosalpinx is a fluid occlusion and distension of the fallopian tubes, often resulting from pelvic inflammatory disease, which reduces the success of artificial reproductive technologies (ARTs) by 50%. Tubal factors account for approximately 25% of infertility cases, but their underlying molecular mechanisms and functional impact on other reproductive tissues remain poorly understood. This proteomic profiling study applied sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS) to study hydrosalpinx cyst fluid and pre- and post-salpingectomy endometrial fluid. Among the 967 proteins identified, we found 19 and 17 candidate biomarkers for hydrosalpinx in pre- and post-salpingectomy endometrial fluid, respectively. Salpingectomy significantly affected 76 endometrial proteins, providing insights into the enhanced immune response and inflammation present prior to intervention, and enhanced coagulation cascades and wound healing processes occurring one month after intervention. These findings confirmed that salpingectomy reverses the hydrosalpinx-related functional impairments in the endometrium and set a foundation for further biomarker validation and the development of less-invasive diagnostic strategies for hydrosalpinx.

A sensorised surgical glove to improve training and detection of obstetric anal sphincter injury: A preclinical study on a pig model.

OBJECTIVE: To create a sensorised surgical glove that can accurately identify obstetric anal sphincter injury to facilitate timely repair, reduce complications and aid training. DESIGN: Proof-of-concept. SETTING: Laboratory. SAMPLE: Pig models. METHODS: Flexible triboelectric pressure/force sensors were mounted onto the fingertips of a routine surgical glove. The sensors produce a current when rubbed on materials of different characteristics which can be analysed. A per rectum examination was performed on the intact sphincter of pig cadavers, analogous to routine examination for obstetric anal sphincter injuries postpartum. An anal sphincter defect was created by cutting through the vaginal mucosa and into the external anal sphincter using a scalpel. The sphincter was then re-examined. Data and signals were interpreted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sensitivity and specificity of the glove in detecting anal sphincter injury. RESULTS: In all, 200 examinations were performed. The sensors detected anal sphincter injuries in a pig model with sensitivities between 98% and 100% and a specificity of 100%. The current produced when examining an intact sphincter and sphincter with a defect was significantly different (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this preliminary study, the sensorised glove accurately detected anal sphincter injury in a pig model. Future plans include its clinical translation, starting with an in-human study on postpartum women, to determine whether it can accurately detect different types of obstetric anal sphincter injury in vivo.

Foveal microvascular features following inverted flap technique for closure of large macular holes.

PURPOSE: To describe the anatomical and functional outcomes following use of the inverted flap technique (IFT) to close idiopathic macular holes (MH) of diameter greater than 400 µm. To compare the changes in the macular microvascularization following surgery in operated and healthy fellow eyes. METHODS: Retrospective study of 24 patients who underwent vitrectomy and IFT for large MH closure. The main variables were closure pattern, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and recovery of the external limiting membrane (ELM) and ellipsoid zone (EZ). Foveal avascular zones (FAZ) and vessel and perfusion densities, obtained by OCT angiography scans, were compared with those in healthy fellow eyes. RESULTS: Complete MH closure was achieved in 95.8% (23/24) of patients 6 months after surgery. There was a significant improvement in postoperative BCVA, from 1.0 to 0.4 logMAR (p < 0.001). The most frequent closure pattern was 1a (62.5%, 15/24), followed by 2c (12.5%, 3/24). The closure pattern was not correlated with height, minimum or maximum diameters or macular hole index (MHI) (p > 0.05). ELM and EZ recovery occurred in 87.5% and 83.3% of cases, respectively. FAZ were smaller in operated eyes than in the fellow eyes (p = 0.012). There were no differences in the vessel or perfusion densities between the operated and fellow eyes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Use of the inverted flap technique for large MH closure provides a high rate of functional and anatomical recovery. We observed a reduction in the FAZ following surgery, with no differences in the macular microvascularization parameters, suggesting that the technique is safe.

Regulation and distribution of European sea bass perforins point to their role in the adaptive cytotoxic response against NNV.

Cell-mediated cytotoxicity is a complex immune mechanism that involves the release of several killing molecules, being perforin (PRF) one of the most important effector players. Perforin is synthesized by T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in mammals and responsible for the formation of pores on the target cell membrane during the killing process. Although perforin has been extensively studied in higher vertebrates, this knowledge is very limited in fish. Therefore, in this study we have identified four prf genes in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and evaluated their mRNA levels. All sea bass prf genes showed the typical and conserved domains of its human orthologue and were closely clustered by the phylogenetic analysis. In addition, all genes showed constitutive and ubiquitous tissular expression, being prf1.9 gene the most highly expressed in immune tissues. Subsequently, in vitro stimulation of head-kidney (HK) cells with phytohemagglutinin, a T-cell activator, showed an increase of all prf gene levels, except for prf1.3 gene. European sea bass HK cells increased the transcription of prf1.2 and prf1.9 during the innate cell-mediated cytotoxic activity against xenogeneic target cells. In addition, sea bass infected with nodavirus (NNV) showed a similar expression pattern of all prf in HK and brain at 15 days post-infection, except for prf1.3 gene and in the gonad. Finally, the use of a polyclonal antibody against PRF1.9 showed an increase of positive cells in HK, brain and gonad from NNV-infected fish. Taken together, the data seem to indicate that all prf genes, except prf1.3, appear to be involved in the European sea bass immunity, and probably in the cell-mediated cytotoxic response, with PRF1.9 playing the most important role against nodavirus. The involvement of the PRFs and the CMC activity in the vertical transmission success of the virus is also discussed.

Don't SUMP it! Utility of PLAG1 immunocytochemistry in basaloid SUMP subcategory.

BACKGROUND: Basaloid salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (B-SUMP) is an indeterminate diagnostic subcategory, with pleomorphic adenoma (PA) representing the most common benign neoplasm. Pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) staining is frequently seen in PAs and could aid in distinguishing them from other basaloid neoplasms. The authors evaluated the utility of PLAG1 immunocytochemistry (ICC) in differentiating PAs from other basaloid neoplasms in smears and liquid-based cytology (LBC) specimens. METHODS: In total, 45 B-SUMP cytology aspirates and corresponding surgical excision specimens were identified. PLAG1 immunostaining was performed in all aspirates and surgical excision specimens and was scored as positive (strong/diffuse), equivocal (focal/weak), or negative. RESULTS: PLAG1 ICC was performed directly on 38 smears and seven LBC specimens. PLAG1 was positive in 29 of 45 cases (64%), whereas six of 45 (13%) were equivocal, and 10 of 45 (22%) were negative. PLAG1-positive aspirates included 26 (90%) PAs, two (7%) basal cell adenomas (BCAs), and one (3%) carcinoma ex-PA. PLAG1-equivocal aspirates included four (67%) PAs and two (33%) BCAs, whereas negative aspirates included five (50%) BCAs, four (40%) adenoid cystic carcinomas, and one (10%) metastatic adenosquamous carcinoma. The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values were 87%, 86%, 93%, and 75%, respectively. Diagnostic accuracy was 87%. CONCLUSIONS: PLAG1 ICC is useful when positive (strong/diffuse) and can be reliably performed on smears and LBC specimens. PLAG1 was positive in most PAs and in a small subset of BCAs. Therefore, in the absence of atypical cytologic features, PLAG1-positive tumors could be diagnosed as benign, with a note favoring PA versus BCA. In contrast, PLAG1-negative/equivocal tumors should remain in the B-SUMP category.

Epiretinal neovascular membrane in Macular Telangiectasia type 2: Multimodal imaging diagnosis.

PURPOSE: To characterize an epiretinal neovascular membrane (ERNM) through multimodal imaging in the context of a patient with Macular Telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel) and ipsilateral concomitant ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS). METHODS: Case report, with ultra-wide field (UWF) retinography, fluorescein angiography (FA), swept source optical coherence tomography (ss-OCT), and OCT-angiography (OCTA). Written informed consent for patient information and images to be published was provided by the patient. Approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital was obtained for publication. CASE REPORT: Yearly follow up of a 51 year-old-female patient with advanced bilateral MacTel showed new punctate hemorrhages in all four quadrants of her right eye (OD). OCTA showed an ERNM in the superficial capillary plexus of the same eye and FA confirmed the ERNM and demonstrated peripheral ischemia. Carotid ultrasound was performed and complete right carotid artery occlusion was confirmed. These findings allowed the diagnosis of an ERNM associated with Mactel and OIS. CONCLUSIONS: Interestingly, this case shows an ERNM diagnosed by multimodal imaging in a patient with advanced MacTel and a concomitant OIS. Mactel is a neurodegenerative disease which in its neovascular stage has been associated with macular neovascular membranes, but also ERNM have recently been described by OCTA.

One-year Outcomes after Discharge from Noncardiac Surgery and Association between Predischarge Complications and Death after Discharge: Analysis of the VISION Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: In previous analyses, myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery, major bleeding, and sepsis were independently associated with most deaths in the 30 days after noncardiac surgery, but most of these deaths occurred during the index hospitalization for surgery. The authors set out to describe outcomes after discharge from hospital up to 1 yr after inpatient noncardiac surgery and associations between predischarge complications and postdischarge death up to 1 yr after surgery. METHODS: This study was an analysis of patients discharged after inpatient noncardiac surgery in a large international prospective cohort study across 28 centers from 2007 to 2013 of patients aged 45 yr or older followed to 1 yr after surgery. The study estimated (1) the cumulative postdischarge incidence of death and other outcomes up to a year after surgery and (2) the adjusted time-varying associations between postdischarge death and predischarge complications including myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery, major bleeding, sepsis, infection without sepsis, stroke, congestive heart failure, clinically important atrial fibrillation or flutter, amputation, venous thromboembolism, and acute kidney injury managed with dialysis. RESULTS: Among 38,898 patients discharged after surgery, the cumulative 1-yr incidence was 5.8% (95% CI, 5.5 to 6.0%) for all-cause death and 24.7% (95% CI, 24.2 to 25.1%) for all-cause hospital readmission. Predischarge complications were associated with 33.7% (95% CI, 27.2 to 40.2%) of deaths up to 30 days after discharge and 15.0% (95% CI, 12.0 to 17.9%) up to 1 yr. Most of the association with death was due to myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (15.6% [95% CI, 9.3 to 21.9%] of deaths within 30 days, 6.4% [95% CI, 4.1 to 8.7%] within 1 yr), major bleeding (15.0% [95% CI, 8.3 to 21.7%] within 30 days, 4.7% [95% CI, 2.2 to 7.2%] within 1 yr), and sepsis (5.4% [95% CI, 2.2 to 8.6%] within 30 days, 2.1% [95% CI, 1.0 to 3.1%] within 1 yr). CONCLUSIONS: One in 18 patients 45 yr old or older discharged after inpatient noncardiac surgery died within 1 yr, and one quarter were readmitted to the hospital. The risk of death associated with predischarge perioperative complications persists for weeks to months after discharge.

Evaluation of microplastics release from solar water disinfection poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polypropylene containers.

Public health concern associated with the ingestion of microplastics (MPs) released from water packaging materials is increasing. The use of plastic materials for solar disinfection (SODIS) containers has also raised concerns in the SODIS community due to the lack of studies evaluating the presence of MPs in the treated water. In this work, the migration of MPs from poly(ethylene terephthalate, PET) bottles and polypropylene (PP) translucent and transparent jerrycan containers (TJC) into water under natural weathering was investigated using micro-reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (µ-FTIR). Containers exposed to sunlight for three months became photodegraded, releasing micro-sized fragments identified as PET, PP and high-density polyethylene (HDPE, from the screw-caps), although with varying degrees of weathering. It is noteworthy that the presence of a clarifying additive in PP formulation did not seem to impact the release of MPs from the containers. The study showed that PP TJC containers released more MPs than PET bottles. Finally, the size of MPs was measured to determine their fate upon ingestion and highlights the need for further studies to understand the safety of these plastic containers for SODIS.

Evaluation of the Differential Postbiotic Potential of Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11 Cultured in Several Growing Conditions.

The increased knowledge of functional foods has led to the development of a new generation of health products, including those containing probiotics and products derived from them. Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11 (SpPdp11) is a strain described as a probiotic that exerts important beneficial effects on several farmed fish. However, the use of live probiotic cells in aquaculture has limitations such as uncertain survival and shelf life, which can limit their efficacy. In addition, its efficacy can vary across species and hosts. When probiotics are administered orally, their activity can be affected by the environment present in the host and by interactions with the intestinal microbiota. Furthermore, live cells can also produce undesired substances that may negatively impact the host as well as the risk of potential virulence reversion acquired such as antibiotic resistance. Therefore, new alternatives emerged such as postbiotics. Currently, there is no knowledge about the postbiotic potential of SpPdp11 in the aquaculture industry. Postbiotic refers to the use of bacterial metabolites, including extracellular products (ECPs), to improve host physiology. However, the production of postbiotic metabolites can be affected by various factors such as cultivation conditions, which can affect bacterial metabolism. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the postbiotic potential of ECPs from SpPdp11 under different cultivation conditions, including culture media, temperature, growth phase, and salinity. We analyzed their hydrolytic, antibacterial, antiviral, and cytotoxic capacity on several fish cell lines. The results obtained have demonstrated how each ECP condition can exert a different hydrolytic profile, reduce the biofilm formation by bacterial pathogens relevant to fish, lower the titer of nervous necrosis virus (NNV), and exert a cytotoxic effect on different fish cell lines. In conclusion, the ECPs obtained from SpPdp11 have different capacities depending on the cultivation conditions used. These conditions must be considered in order to recover the maximum number of beneficial capacities or to choose the appropriate conditions for specific activities.

Genetic control of pod morphological traits and pod edibility in a common bean RIL population.

KEY MESSAGE: QTL mapping, association analysis, and colocation study with previously reported QTL revealed three main regions controlling pod morphological traits and two loci for edible pod characteristics on the common bean chromosomes Pv01 and Pv06. Bean pod phenotype is a complex characteristic defined by the combination of different traits that determine the potential use of a genotype as a snap bean. In this study, the TUM RIL population derived from a cross between 'TU' (dry) and 'Musica' (snap) was used to investigate the genetic control of pod phenotype. The character was dissected into pod morphological traits (PMTs) and edible pod characteristics (EPC). The results revealed 35 QTL for PMTs located on seven chromosomes, suggesting a strong QTL colocation on chromosomes Pv01 and Pv06. Some QTL were colocated with previously reported QTL, leading to the mapping of 15 consensus regions associated with bean PMTs. Analysis of EPC of cooked beans revealed that two major loci with epistatic effect, located on chromosomes Pv01 and Pv06, are involved in the genetic control of this trait. An association study using a subset of the Spanish Diversity Panel (snap vs. non-snap) detected 23 genomic regions, with three regions being mapped at a position similar to those of two loci identified in the TUM population. The results demonstrated the relevant roles of Pv01 and Pv06 in the modulation of bean pod phenotype. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed a significant overrepresentation of genes regulating the phenylpropanoid metabolic process and auxin response in regions associated with PMTs and EPC, respectively. Both biological functions converged in the lignin biosynthetic pathway, suggesting the key role of the pathway in the genetic control of bean pod phenotype.